Properties of Nickel-based Super Alloys

OPEC+ is likely to stick to its plan for a small increase in oil production in May despite a surge in oil prices caused by the Ukraine crisis and calls from consumer countries such as the United States for more supply.

Several oil consumers, including the US, have urged producers to boost output further, for the crude price has hit its highest level since 2008 of more than $139 this month. But major OPEC producers including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates did not raise their output targets, and other countries like Russia avoided talking about the subject of Ukraine.  

OPEC+ is made up of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the oil-producing Allies which is led by Russia. Since August 2021, OPEC+ has been sticking to its plan to increase production by 400,000 b/d per month, which will rise slightly to 432,000 b/d from May 1st.

This increase did not mean OPEC+’s concession to consumer countries demanding more oil, but an outcome of an internal recalculation of reference production levels, raising quotas for Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait.

The supply and prices of many other products in global market like the Nickel-based Super Alloys will continue to be influenced by the oil supply shortage.

The creep rupture strength can be a good indication that the creep rupture life/γ-initial fraction diagram of each alloy series is different, but each series may have a maximum value or exceed 75% (volume) in the vicinity. This means that the creep rupture life depends partly on the hardening of the solid solution and partly on the hardening of the γ-prime precipitation. When Cr in γ'is replaced by W and Ta, the maximum solid solution hardening will be achieved. In addition, in order to obtain maximum precipitation hardening, a gamma prime fraction will be obtained. In some Ni-based superalloys, the γ-primary fraction of the actual alloy at 1000ºC may be less than the design value.

Tensile properties The tensile properties of sample solutions aged under various conditions at 900ºC have been observed. Obviously, these changes can be well approximated by the linear function of the gamma prime fraction. The results obtained from other series of alloys show that the linearity is maintained in the range of γ-prime fraction of 50% to 80% (volume), which is different from the case of creep rupture strength. The effect of solution temperature is also linear. A higher solution temperature gives a higher yield strength. The lower the solution temperature, the greater the tensile elongation, but this trend no longer works below a certain temperature. The solution treatment below 1080ºC has no beneficial effect on the tensile elongation. For the effect of solid solution hardening and precipitation hardening, it is obvious that W is the most effective method of solid solution hardening, and Ta (a γ-primer forming agent) is less effective than W as a solid solution hardening element.

Heat-resistant corrosion

The crucible test was used to evaluate the resistance to corrosion resistance. A piece of alloy (diameter 6-8 mm, height 3-5 mm) in a salt mixture (Na2SO4-25%NaCl) was kept in the air at 900ºC for 20 hours. After all the scale is removed, the resistance is quantitatively determined by the metal loss. In terms of morphology, thermal corrosion can be divided into three types. Type I: Corrosion layer composed of Cr sulfide, Ni sulfide and porous oxide, Type II: Thin and compact Cr2O3 corrosion layer, there is a small amount of sulfide or no sulfide in the matrix, Type III: It is oxidized by three layers Corrosion layer composed of Cr2O3, TiO2 and Al2O3 from the outside to the inside, a small amount of chromium-rich sulfide is dispersed in the matrix. Regression analysis was carried out on 42 alloys that produced Type I corrosion. The results show that Hf-doped alloys with high Cr and Ti content (the most preferred in γ-primary precipitation hardening alloys), and the addition of W, Ta or Mo is an essential element to increase high-temperature strength. Extremely harmful to thermal corrosion.

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Since February, gold has enjoyed a smooth upward run on the back of surging US inflation and the brewing of war. While expectations of rate rises have also risen in tandem over this period, gold had been largely pre-priced and the underlying driver of tightening expectations had come from inflation continuing to rise to record highs. The risk aversion caused by the continued tension in the war also provided an important short-term support for gold. This will have a certain impact on the price of the Nickel-based Super Alloys and the market of the Nickel-based Super Alloys.

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